Through confrontation and collaboration with a relatively accommodating upper management, the caucuses helped open opportunities for high-performing black employees. Groups of black salesmen met regularly to share information about Xerox's culture and strategies for navigating it most effectively. A prominent early example of this process was the formation of corporate caucuses by black men at Xerox starting in 1969. Drawing on work from the social sciences, these outsider groups had to identify and then harness the mechanisms behind networking's power. The business networks that seemed natural and transparent to these white men were a closed book to women and minorities for much of American history. Rockefeller-exploited networks to great effect. Numerous business heroes of the past-such as Benjamin Franklin, Andrew Carnegie, Henry Ford, and John D. Those who are shut out from networks can lose hope of success. Those who tap into influential networks can be nurtured toward success. Of course people whom insiders consider undesirable have been barred from such networks, with important consequences. However, other common bonds-from ethnicity and religion to school ties and club memberships-can connect subsets of people as well. Family networks and nepotism have proven particularly strong throughout history. These close personal relationships provided a range of opportunities to preferred subsets of people, such as access to job opportunities, information, credit, and partnerships. īefore the mid-twentieth century, what we call networking today was framed in the language of family and friendship.
In 1970 these terms were not in the general American vocabulary by the mid-1990s they had become part of everyday speech. Mainstream business literature subsequently adopted the terms and concepts, promoting them as pathways to success for all career climbers.
#SMARTER NETWORKER PRO MEMBERSHIP PROFESSIONAL#
advocates for workplace equity popularized the term and concept of networking as part of a larger social capital lexicon-which also includes terms such as glass ceiling, role model, mentoring, and gatekeeper-serving to identify and address the problems barring non-dominant groups from professional success. In the second half of the twentieth century, U.S. History of networking and business success 5 Tools for personal network management.1 History of networking and business success.Many of these tools are IT-based, and use Web 2.0 technologies. Personal networking is often encouraged by large organizations, in the hope of improving productivity, and so a number of tools exist to support the maintenance of networks. Personal networking is the practice of developing and maintaining a personal network, which is usually undertaken over an extended period. The term is usually encountered in the workplace, though it could apply equally to other pursuits outside work. Personal networks are intended to be mutually beneficial, extending the concept of teamwork beyond the immediate peer group. Having a strong personal network requires being connected to a network of resources for mutual development and growth. In other words, a personal network is a group of caring, dedicated people who are committed to maintain a relationship with a person in order to support a given set of activities. Not to be confused with Personal area network.Ī personal network is a set of human contacts known to an individual, with whom that individual would expect to interact at intervals to support a given set of activities.
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